Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T15:58:30.177Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

31 - Expertise in Chess

from Part V.II - Domains of Expertise: Arts, Sports, Games, and Other Skills

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 May 2018

K. Anders Ericsson
Affiliation:
Florida State University
Robert R. Hoffman
Affiliation:
Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition
Aaron Kozbelt
Affiliation:
Brooklyn College, City University of New York
A. Mark Williams
Affiliation:
University of Utah
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., & Gobet, F. (2007). Personality profiles of young chess players. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 901910.Google Scholar
Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., & Gobet, F. (2008a). Inflexibility of experts: Reality or myth? Quantifying the Einstellung effect in chess masters. Cognitive Psychology, 56, 73102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., & Gobet, F. (2008b). Why good thoughts block better ones: The mechanism of the pernicious Einstellung (set) effect. Cognition, 108, 652661.Google Scholar
Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., & Gobet, F. (2009a). Specialization effect and its influence on memory and problem solving in expert chess players. Cognitive Science, 33, 11171143.Google Scholar
Bilalić, M., Smallbone, K., McLeod, P., & Gobet, F. (2009b). Why are (the best) women so good at chess? Participation rates and gender differences in intellectual domains. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 276, 11611165.Google Scholar
Binet, A. (1966). Mnemonic virtuosity: A study of chess players. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 74, 127162. Translated from Revue des Deux Mondes, 117 (1893), 826859.Google Scholar
Bossomaier, T., Traish, J., Gobet, F., & Lane, P. C. R. (2012). Neuro-cognitive model of move location in the game of Go. International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2012) (pp. 17). New York: IEEE.Google Scholar
Burgoyne, A. P., Sala, G., Gobet, F., Macnamara, B. N., Campitelli, G., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2017). The relationship between cognitive ability and chess skill: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Intelligence, 61, 130139.Google Scholar
Calderwood, R., Klein, G. A., & Crandall, B. W. (1988). Time pressure, skill, and move quality in chess. American Journal of Psychology, 100, 481495.Google Scholar
Campitelli, G., & Gobet, F. (2005). The mind’s eye in blindfold chess. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 17, 2345.Google Scholar
Campitelli, G., & Gobet, F. (2008). The role of practice in chess: A longitudinal study. Learning and Individual Differences, 18, 446458.Google Scholar
Campitelli, G., Gobet, F., & Bilalić, M. (2014). Cognitive processes and development of chess genius: An integrative approach. In Simonton, D. K. (ed.), The Wiley handbook of genius (pp. 350374). Chichester: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Chabris, C. F., & Glickman, M. E. (2006). Sex differences in intellectual performance: Analysis of a large cohort of competitive chess players. Psychological Science, 17, 10401046.Google Scholar
Chabris, C. F., & Hearst, E. S. (2003). Visualization, pattern recognition, and forward search: Effects of playing speed and sight of the position on grandmaster chess errors. Cognitive Science, 27, 637648.Google Scholar
Charness, N. (1976). Memory for chess positions: Resistance to interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 641653.Google Scholar
Charness, N. (1981a). Aging and skilled problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 2138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charness, N. (1981b). Search in chess: Age and skill differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 467476.Google Scholar
Charness, N. (1989). Expertise in chess and bridge. In Klahr, D. & Kotovsky, K. (eds.), Complex information processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon (pp. 183208). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Charness, N. (1992). The impact of chess research on cognitive science. Psychological Research, 54, 49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charness, N., & Gerchak, Y. (1996). Participation rates and maximal performance: A log-linear explanation for group differences, such as Russian and male dominance in chess. Psychological Science, 7, 4651.Google Scholar
Charness, N., Krampe, R., & Mayr, U. (1996). The role of practice and coaching in entrepreneurial skill domains: An international comparison of life-span chess skill acquisition. In Ericsson, K. A. (ed.) The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports and games (pp. 5180). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Charness, N., Reingold, E. M., Pomplun, M., & Stampe, D. M. (2001). The perceptual aspect of skilled performance in chess: Evidence from eye movements. Memory & Cognition, 29, 11461152.Google Scholar
Charness, N., Tuffiash, M., & Jastrzembski, T. (2004). Motivation, emotion, and expert skill acquisition. In Dai, D. & Sternberg, R. J. (eds.) Motivation, emotion, and cognition: Integrative perspectives (pp. 299319). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Charness, N., Tuffiash, M., Krampe, R., Reingold, E. M., & Vasyukova, E. (2005). The role of deliberate practice in chess expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 151165.Google Scholar
Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973a). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 5581.Google Scholar
Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973b). The mind’s eye in chess. In Chase, W. G. (ed.), Visual information processing (pp. 215281). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chassy, P., & Gobet, F. (2011). Measuring chess experts’ single-use sequence knowledge using departure from ‘theoretical’ openings: An archival study. PloS ONE, 6, e26692.Google Scholar
Chassy, P., & Gobet, F. (2013). Visual search in ecological and non-ecological displays: Evidence for a non-monotonic effect of complexity on performance. PLoS One, 8, e53420.Google Scholar
Chassy, P., & Gobet, F. (2015). Risk taking in adversarial situations: Civilization differences in chess experts. Cognition, 141, 3640.Google Scholar
Chi, M. T. H. (1978). Knowledge structures and memory development. In Siegler, R. S. (ed.), Children’s thinking: What develops? (pp. 7396). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Connors, M. H., Burns, B. D., & Campitelli, G. (2011). Expertise in complex decision making: The role of search in chess 70 years after de Groot. Cognitive Science, 35, 15671579.Google Scholar
Cooke, N. J., Atlas, R. S., Lane, D. M., & Berger, R. C. (1993). Role of high-level knowledge in memory for chess positions. American Journal of Psychology, 106, 321351.Google Scholar
Cranberg, L., & Albert, M. L. (1988). The chess mind. In Obler, L. K. & Fein, D. (eds.), The exceptional brain: Neuropsychology of talent and special abilities (pp. 156190). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
de Bruin, A. B., Kok, E. M., Leppink, J., & Camp, G. (2014). Practice, intelligence, and enjoyment in novice chess players: A prospective study at the earliest stage of a chess career. Intelligence, 45, 1825.Google Scholar
de Bruin, A. B., Rikers, R., & Schmidt, H. G. (2007). The influence of achievement motivation and chess-specific motivation on deliberate practice. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 561583.Google Scholar
de Bruin, A. B., Smits, N., Rikers, R., & Schmidt, H. G. (2008). Deliberate practice predicts performance over time in adolescent chess players and drop-outs: A linear mixed models analysis. British Journal of Psychology, 99, 473497.Google Scholar
de Groot, A. (1965). Thought and choice in chess. The Hague: Mouton (Original work published 1946)Google Scholar
de Groot, A., & Gobet, F. (1996). Perception and memory in chess. Assen: Van Gorcum.Google Scholar
Didierjean, A., Cauzinille-Marmèche, E., & Savina, Y. (1999). Learning from examples: Case-based reasoning in chess for novices. Current Psychology of Cognition, 18, 337361.Google Scholar
Djakow, I. N., Petrowski, N. W., & Rudik, P. A. (1927). Psychologie des Schachspiels. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Elo, A. E. (1986). The rating of chessplayers, past and present (2nd edn.). New York: Arco.Google Scholar
Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363406.Google Scholar
Frey, P. W., & Adesman, P. (1976). Recall memory for visually presented chess positions. Memory & Cognition, 4, 541547.Google Scholar
Freyhoff, H., Gruber, H., & Ziegler, A. (1992). Expertise and hierarchical knowledge representation in chess. Psychological Research, 54, 3237.Google Scholar
Gerdes, C., & Gränsmark, P. (2010). Strategic behavior across gender: A comparison of female and male expert chess players. Labour Economics, 17, 766775.Google Scholar
Gobet, F. (1997). A pattern-recognition theory of search in expert problem solving. Thinking & Reasoning, 3, 291313.Google Scholar
Gobet, F. (1998a). Expert memory: A comparison of four theories. Cognition, 66, 115152.Google Scholar
Gobet, F. (1998b). Chess players’ thinking revisited. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 57, 1832.Google Scholar
Gobet, F. (2009). Using a cognitive architecture for addressing the question of cognitive universals in cross-cultural psychology: The example of Awalé. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 627648.Google Scholar
Gobet, F. (2013). Expertise vs. talent. Talent Development and Excellence, 5, 7586.Google Scholar
Gobet, F. (2016). Understanding expertise: A multi-disciplinary approach. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Campitelli, G. (2007). The role of domain-specific practice, handedness and starting age in chess. Developmental Psychology, 43, 159172.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., Campitelli, G., & Waters, A. J. (2002). Rise of human intelligence: Comments on Howard (1999). Intelligence, 30, 303311.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Chassy, P. (2008). Season of birth and chess expertise. Journal of Biosocial Science, 40, 313316.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Clarkson, G. (2004). Chunks in expert memory: Evidence for the magical number four … or is it two? Memory, 12, 732747.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., de Voogt, A., & Retschitzki, J. (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board games. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Ereku, M. (2014). Checkmate to deliberate practice: The case of Magnus Carlsen. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gobet, F., & Jackson, S. (2002). In search of templates. Cognitive Systems Research, 3, 3544.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Jansen, P. J. (1994). Towards a chess program based on a model of human memory. In van den Herik, H. J., Herschberg, I. S., & Uiterwijk, J. W. (eds.), Advances in computer chess 7 (pp. 3560). Maastricht: University of Limburg Press.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Jansen, P. J. (2006). Training in chess: A scientific approach. In Redman, T. (ed.), Chess and education: Selected essays from the Koltanowski conference (pp. 8197). Dallas: Chess Program at the University of Texas at Dallas.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., Lane, P. C. R., Croker, S., Cheng, P. C. H., Jones, G., Oliver, I., & Pine, J. M. (2001). Chunking mechanisms in human learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 236243.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1996a). Templates in chess memory: A mechanism for recalling several boards. Cognitive Psychology, 31, 140.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1996b). Recall of rapidly presented random chess positions is a function of skill. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 159163.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1996c). Recall of random and distorted positions: Implications for the theory of expertise. Memory & Cognition, 24, 493503.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1996d). The roles of recognition processes and look-ahead search in time-constrained expert problem solving: Evidence from grandmaster level chess. Psychological Science, 7, 5255.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1998). Expert chess memory: Revisiting the chunking hypothesis. Memory, 6, 225255.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (2000). Five seconds or sixty? Presentation time in expert memory. Cognitive Science, 24, 651682.Google Scholar
Gobet, F., & Waters, A. J. (2003). The role of constraints in expert memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 10821094.Google Scholar
Hambrick, D. Z., Oswald, F. L., Altmann, E. M., Meinz, E. J., Gobet, F., & Campitelli, G. (2014). Deliberate practice: Is that all it takes to become an expert? Intelligence, 45, 3445.Google Scholar
Holding, D. H. (1985). The psychology of chess skill. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Holding, D. H., & Reynolds, R. (1982). Recall or evaluation of chess positions as determinants of chess skill. Memory & Cognition, 10, 237242.Google Scholar
Howard, R. W. (1999). Preliminary real-world evidence that average human intelligence really is rising. Intelligence, 27, 235250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, R. W. (2011). Does high-level intellectual performance depend on practice alone? Debunking the Polgar sisters case. Cognitive Development, 26, 196202.Google Scholar
Howard, R. W. (2014a). Gender differences in intellectual performance persist at the limits of individual capabilities. Journal of Biosocial Science, 46, 386404.Google Scholar
Howard, R. W. (2014b). Learning curves in highly skilled chess players: A test of the generality of the power law of practice. Acta Psychologica, 151, 1623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jastrzembski, T., Charness, N., & Vasyukova, C. (2006). Expertise and age effects on knowledge activation in chess. Psychology and Aging, 21, 401405.Google Scholar
Jongman, R. W. (1968). Het oog van de meester (The eye of the master). Assen: Van Gorcum.Google Scholar
Maass, A., D’Ettole, C., & Cadinu, M. (2008). Checkmate? The role of gender stereotypes in the ultimate intellectual sport. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 231245.Google Scholar
Mireles, D. E., & Charness, N. (2002). Computational explorations of the influence of structured knowledge on age-related cognitive decline. Psychology and Aging, 17, 245259.Google Scholar
Moxley, J. H., Ericsson, K. A., Charness, N., & Krampe, R. T. (2012). The role of intuition and deliberative thinking in experts’ superior tactical decision-making. Cognition, 124, 7278.Google Scholar
Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1972). Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Raab, M., & Johnson, J. G. (2007). Expertise-based differences in search and option-generation strategies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 13, 158170.Google Scholar
Reingold, E. M., Charness, N., Pomplun, M., & Stampe, D. M. (2001a). Visual span in expert chess players: Evidence from eye movements. Psychological Science, 12, 4855.Google Scholar
Reingold, E. M., Charness, N., Schultetus, R. S., & Stampe, D. M. (2001b). Perceptual automaticity in expert chess players: Parallel encoding of chess relations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 504510.Google Scholar
Robbins, T. W., Anderson, E. J., Barker, D. R., Bradley, A. C., Fearnyhough, C., Henson, R., & Hudson, S. R. (1996). Working memory in chess. Memory & Cognition, 24, 8393.Google Scholar
Saariluoma, P. (1990). Apperception and restructuring in chess players’ problem solving. In Gilhooly, K. J., Keane, M. T. G., Logie, R. H., & Erdos, G. (eds.), Lines of thought: Reflections on the psychology of thinking (Vol. 2, pp. 4157). New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Saariluoma, P. (1991). Aspects of skilled imagery in blindfold chess. Acta Psychologica, 77, 6589.Google Scholar
Saariluoma, P. (1992). Error in chess: The apperception-restructuring view. Psychological Research, 54, 1726.Google Scholar
Saariluoma, P. (1994). Location coding in chess. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 47, 607630.Google Scholar
Saariluoma, P., & Hohlfeld, M. (1994). Apperception in chess players’ long-range planning. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6, 122.Google Scholar
Saariluoma, P., & Kalakoski, V. (1997). Skilled imagery and long-term working memory. American Journal of Psychology, 110, 177201.Google Scholar
Saariluoma, P., & Kalakoski, V. (1998). Apperception and imagery in blindfold chess. Memory, 6, 6790.Google Scholar
Saariluoma, P., & Laine, T. (2001). Novice construction of chess memory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 137146.Google Scholar
Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2016). Do the benefits of chess instruction transfer to academic and cognitive skills? A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 18, 4657.Google Scholar
Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2017). Experts’ memory superiority for domain-specific random material generalizes across fields of expertise: A meta-analysis. Memory & Cognition, 45, 183193.Google Scholar
Schneider, W., Gruber, H., Gold, A., & Opwis, K. (1993). Chess expertise and memory for chess positions in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 56, 328349.Google Scholar
Schultetus, R. S., & Charness, N. (1999). Recall or evaluation of chess positions revisited: The relationship between memory and evaluation in chess skill. American Journal of Psychology, 112, 555569.Google Scholar
Sheridan, H., & Reingold, E. M. (2013). The mechanisms and boundary conditions of the Einstellung effect in chess: Evidence from eye movements. PloS ONE, 8, e75796.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A., & Gilmartin, K. J. (1973). A simulation of memory for chess positions. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 2946.Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1997). Creative productivity: A predictive and explanatory model of career trajectories and landmarks. Psychological Review, 104, 6689.Google Scholar
Slezak, D. F., & Sigman, M. (2012). Do not fear your opponent: Suboptimal changes of a prevention strategy when facing stronger opponents. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 527538.Google Scholar
Smith, L., Gobet, F., & Lane, P. C. R. (2007). An investigation into the effect of ageing on expert memory with CHREST. Proceedings of the United Kingdom Workshop on Computational Intelligence – UKCI07, 18.Google Scholar
Unterrainer, J. M., Kaller, C. P., Leonhart, R., & Rahm, B. (2011). Revising superior planning performance in chess players: The impact of time restriction and motivation aspects. American Journal of Psychology, 124, 213225.Google Scholar
Van der Maas, H. L. J., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2005). A psychometric analysis of chess expertise. American Journal of Psychology, 118, 2960.Google Scholar
Vollstadt-Klein, S., Grimm, O., Kirsch, P., & Bilalić, M. (2010). Personality of elite male and female chess players and its relation to chess skill. Learning and Individual Differences, 20, 517521.Google Scholar
Waters, A. J., Gobet, F., & Leyden, G. (2002). Visuo-spatial abilities in chess players. British Journal of Psychology, 93, 557565.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×